A BB € 181210Cladogram Cladogram 2 Based on the Bremer support values; which of the cladograms ends astronger suppor of the monophyly of the clade composed of...

Answer these questions about the following cladogram. a. How many clades are shown in this cladogram? How are they designated in the diagram? b. What trait is shared by all animals in the study group? What traits are shared by only snakes and lizards? c. Which animals share the most recent common ancestor? How do you know?

What is a column? Ah, column is a sin apple morphy for the cleat comprising protest OEMs and Deodoro storms. To better understand our answer, we to know that a cynic, Morphey, is an evolved treat that is shared by two or more taxonomic groups. Let's write this definition down for us.

Hey everybody today, we're talking about clay to grams specifically their interpretation. So what is a clay to graham. You should always look at your roots. So it's referring to plaids which is basically Amman affiliated group. So a clay program is a way to display plaids. So Franci diagram showing quite a stick. Mhm. Relationships. Yeah. So when we're looking at how we interpret that, we should just use that to figure out what answer it's looking for, which is our actual question. But first off, let's draw kind of a clay to graham by the way, let's put between a certain, so basically this is an all the world. There's too many things were looking specifically um to figure out somebody's derived characteristics. So if we were going to do this, we would be looking at certain characteristics and then moving on with that. I'm going to try to think of a good, okay, here we go. Let's do an example over here. So if you could think of a divergent characteristics um on an animal and then go from there, we can figure that out. But I'm just going to give you one. So over here we're going to have or chambered heart over here. Three. This is completely just an example. But I think it helps. Yeah, that's what I've tracked right there. Um we can do like a tuatara just kind of like a lizard. But regardless, okay, even though these are all reptiles, this is an example and then they figure out based on these where their common ancestors were and whatever. So we have five. So let's actually go into question now which is about which one is accurate and interpreting. Um we have five options a. b. c. d. and E. So let's just go through A. Is talking about specific ancestors of each tax on by tracing. Uh We're not really looking at that route and we're not looking at the tax on, we're looking to the and it's saying you're going to the note of the route. So that would be looking for the least recent common answer and you're always looking for the most common. So this is least recent common ancestor which are always going to be looking for something simple which is not that. So be on the other hand is tax on the right side of a cliff program have evolved from the tax on the left side. Not true. Um You see how the branches work I guess it could but not really because it's just not really how clay to graham works. Like you could say oh it's going all the way over here just because there are so many things but that's not really what it's looking for. It's really just whatever you can fit in your paper more rather than direction. So c is relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years. No it's nothing to his years. It's having to do with ancestors. So you can be the same for forever. Doesn't make a difference. There can be two million two billion years or whatever in between a certain. I mean not that that would actually happen but no that's not how things work. Um D is you're looking for the most common ancestor most recent common ancestor. Which is true. So that is going to be our answer because you're looking for the most recent common ancestor to figure out where they got that trait. That's why they use it and that's why it's useful and is wrong because horizontal gene transfer. No that's completely unrelated. So the answer is d I hope you learned something have a great day.

So here is an example of a clay to Graham and um clay diagrams are different from file a genetic trees. And so you may want to review the difference between those two things if you're preparing for an upcoming assessment. But on a Clay to Graham, we are looking at these different groups and what physical characteristics developed um along the way that differentiated those organisms from one another. And so if we look at this uh clay diagram, we can see that the amniotic egg is something that evolved after amphibians. And so amphibians have some characteristics that they share in common um with some fish and some insects, but the amniotic egg is not one of them because the branch up to amphibians comes before the amniotic egg on our clay to Graham. But this spot right here where that branch occurs and where these other branches occur or where there was a common ancestor. So there's a common ancestor that pros simians and humans may have shared. There is a common ancestor that birds, per simians and humans have shared. There's a common ancestor that both insects and all vertebrates likely shared. And so those spots where that split happens, that's where we find common ancestors.

This is the matching until it's asking us to match the column on the left to the column on the right. So on the left, we have biologic knee clatter, graham homoerotic jeans. I'm a logo structures, molecular clock, analog A structures on the right. We have evolutionary history similar across Texas, sorts of then set test neutral mutations, human arm and bird wing and Sect Wing and Bird Wing. So we'll start from the top biologic knee that is going to be matched with evolutionary history. Claddagh Graham, that is going to be sets within sets home idiotic jeans, so that will be similar across tax. A. Homoerotic genes are highly conserved home, a locus structure that is going to be a human arm and bird wing um, analog structures and sect wing and bird wing member. Insects and birds are very distantly related, and insects do not have vertebrae. Therefore, they dio or bones, so their wings are nothing like bird wings and then molecular clock. That one is going to be mashed with testing neutral mutations