Four different studies that are being - conducted at UCLA are given below. Determine if the of the studies are dependent or independent: samples in each Comparing t...

For each of the following situations, state the independent variable and the dependent variable.
a. A study is done to determine if elderly drivers are involved in more motor vehicle fatalities than other drivers. The number of fatalities per 100,000 drivers is compared to the age of drivers.
b. A study is done to determine if the weekly grocery bill changes based on the number of family members.
c. Insurance companies base life insurance premiums partially on the age of the applicant.
d. Utility bills vary according to power consumption.
e. A study is done to determine if a higher education reduces the crime rate in a population.

Four of this problem. We're trying to determine whether a very evil is the independent or the dependent variable. For our first example, we're studying the number of fatalities versus persons. The drivers age now an independent variable is what we can control. It is what causes the dependent. Variable dependent variable is what we must measure, since we must, since the age of a person causes the number of fatalities and we can control the age of the person we study. But we cannot control the number of fatalities they get into. We know that the age of the person is the independent variable, and the number of fatalities is the dependent variable. In our second example, Lee compare the number of family members versus the size of their grocery bill. Yeah, now we can control the size of the family that we study, since we can choose which family we study. But we cannot control the size of their grocery bill. Grocery bill is what we must observe and measure buts. And the size of the family is what affects the size of the bill. There's more. The size of the family must be the independent variable the size of the bill must be the dependent variable. A life insurance company decides the premiums given to an applicant based on the applicants age. So we're trying to determine whether the size of the premium or the applicants age is the independent with dependent variable. The premium highs. We're determined, but the applicants age. Therefore, the size of the premium is what is sir. It depends on on the applicants age. Therefore, it is the dependence very goal, and that means the age of the applicant is the independent variable. Next we look at the size ah utility bill versus a person's energy consumption. The size of a person's energy bill is dependent on the amount they consume. The amount of person consumes causes. How much the bill is. Bill is what we must measure and observe. The amount of consumption is something that we can control, so consumption must be independent variable, and the bill must be de dependent variable. For final example. We're trying to We're studying with their higher education effects, the crime rate, how we can We can control whether or not her subjects have received higher education, but we can control the crime rate you must measure and observe the crime rate. That means the crime rate is the deep end of variable and higher education, since it is what is whether or not a person is getting higher. Education is what is causing be size of the crime rate that means higher education.

People. It scared some questions on a pre test and then watch the film and then took a post test. And we have the two sets of scores. Are they dependent or independent? So this one is gonna be dependent, because it could be that some of the people had some knowledge on the topic prior to the film that's going to result in them getting a higher score on both tests, while someone who knew nothing is probably going to get a lower score on both tests. The so the priest scores can influence the post scores because of prior knowledge. That and we appear to be testing how well the film did at educating them. So when we're comparing someone at a point in time to the same person at a future time, that's usually dependent.